The league in northern Italy is mentioned in Livy. Its culture flourished in three confederacies of cities: that of Etruria (Tuscany, Latium and Umbria), that of the Po Valley with the eastern Alps, and that of Campania. The territorial extent of Etruscan civilization reached its maximum around 750 BC, during the foundational period of the Roman Kingdom. Assimilation began in the late 4th century BC as a result of the Roman–Etruscan Wars it accelerated with the grant of Roman citizenship in 90 BC, and became complete in 27 BC, when the Etruscans' territory was incorporated into the newly established Roman Empire. Etruscan civilization endured until it was assimilated into Roman society. This is the period of the Iron Age Villanovan culture, considered to be the earliest phase of Etruscan civilization, which itself developed from the previous late Bronze Age Proto-Villanovan culture in the same region. The earliest evidence of a culture that is identifiably Etruscan dates from about 900 BC. After conquering adjacent lands, its territory covered at its greatest extent, roughly what is now Tuscany, western Umbria, and northern Lazio, as well as what are now the Po Valley, Emilia-Romagna, south-eastern Lombardy, southern Veneto, and western Campania. ![]() The Etruscan civilization ( / ɛ ˈ t r ʌ s k ən/) was developed by a people of Etruria in ancient Italy with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states.
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